Thermal waters have been used for hydrotherapeutic purposes in the Mediterranean region since ancient times as can be seen from archaeological finds, literary and scientific writings and numerous epigraphs. These treatments have, for the most part, been left unaltered over twenty-four centuries since the age of the ancient Greek philosophers, through various historical periods, and with the exception of the introduction of advanced technology. Hippocrates was a great believer in the use of thermal spas and in his treaty Use of Liquids he sang the praises of the properties of mineral waters and hot springs.

As time went by said thermal resorts gradually changed from being treatment centres into holiday and high society resorts. Thus we embarked on the path towards the modern concept of thermal spas characterised by application of experimental methods combined with innovative treatment approach from the point of view of research. While from the point of view of treatments used we witnessed what has been referred to as elite thermal treatments. The economically and culturally better off classes used to go to the thermal spas – the new in spots for the high society – in order to pass the waters (the expression used at the time) and spend a few days of rest and relaxation.

Fortunately, society progressed and the amount of available financial resources increased among all sections of the population thus making it possible for everyone to benefit from thermal treatments. The advantages of these treatments are not only linked to the waters’ curative properties but also to the beauty and natural attractions that are a general characteristic of Italian spas. The idea of treatment also being a means of recovering energy and physical well-being is quite rightly connected to the idea of a holiday resort and intelligent use of leisure time.

The ancient tradition of thermal treatments is not only proof of their importance but also of how up to date they are as a basic form of treatment in modern medicine. A specialist guide contains descriptions of the main treatments used.

Mineral water drinking treatments.
Jet shower treatments (external).
Irrigation and jet shower treatments (internal).
Thermal and steam caves (Antrotherapy).
Inhalations.
Nebulisation therapy.
Aerosol therapy.
Humages.
Insufflation.
Balneotherapy.
Fangotherapy.
Sand baths (Sand therapy).
Other treatments.